
\begingroup
\centering
\begin{tabular}{lcccccc}
   \toprule
    & \multicolumn{3}{c}{\makecell{Patents \\ per 1,000 people \\ (mean = 0.33, sd = 0.6)}} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{\makecell{Breakthrough patents \\ per 1,000 people \\ (mean = 0.06, sd = 0.12)}}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-4}  \cmidrule(lr){5-7}
                                                          & (1)           & (2)           & (3)           & (4)           & (5)           & (6)\\  
   \midrule 
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel A: Least-squares estimates}} &  \multicolumn{5}{c}{}\\ \cmidrule(lr){1-7}
   Surname diversity                                      &               & 0.081$^{***}$ & 0.080$^{***}$ &               & 0.015$^{***}$ & 0.015$^{***}$\\   
                                                          &               & (0.025)       & (0.026)       &               & (0.005)       & (0.005)\\   
   Average years of schooling                             & 0.126$^{***}$ & 0.099$^{***}$ & 0.148$^{***}$ & 0.021$^{***}$ & 0.016$^{***}$ & 0.025$^{***}$\\   
                                                          & (0.032)       & (0.026)       & (0.033)       & (0.005)       & (0.004)       & (0.006)\\   
   Surname diversity $\times$ Average years of schooling  &               &               & 0.120$^{***}$ &               &               & 0.023$^{***}$\\   
                                                          &               &               & (0.031)       &               &               & (0.006)\\   
   Population                                             & 0.204$^{***}$ & 0.168$^{***}$ & 0.130$^{***}$ & 0.037$^{***}$ & 0.030$^{***}$ & 0.023$^{***}$\\   
                                                          & (0.021)       & (0.018)       & (0.019)       & (0.004)       & (0.003)       & (0.004)\\   
    \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel B: Reduced-form estimates}} &  \multicolumn{5}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-7}
   Predicted surname diversity                                      &               & 0.017         & 0.023         &               & 0.004         & 0.005\\   
                                                                    &               & (0.023)       & (0.024)       &               & (0.004)       & (0.005)\\   
   Average years of schooling                                       & 0.113$^{***}$ & 0.110$^{***}$ & 0.133$^{***}$ & 0.019$^{***}$ & 0.018$^{***}$ & 0.022$^{***}$\\   
                                                                    & (0.028)       & (0.026)       & (0.027)       & (0.005)       & (0.004)       & (0.005)\\   
   Predicted surname diversity $\times$ Average years of schooling  &               &               & 0.089$^{***}$ &               &               & 0.018$^{***}$\\   
                                                                    &               &               & (0.024)       &               &               & (0.004)\\   
   Predicted population                                             & 0.246$^{***}$ & 0.233$^{***}$ & 0.192$^{***}$ & 0.045$^{***}$ & 0.042$^{***}$ & 0.034$^{***}$\\   
                                                                    & (0.030)       & (0.035)       & (0.033)       & (0.005)       & (0.006)       & (0.006)\\   
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel C: Instrumental-variable estimates}} &  \multicolumn{5}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-7}
   Surname diversity                                              &               & 0.073$^{**}$  & 0.071$^{**}$   &               & 0.014$^{**}$  & 0.014$^{**}$\\   
                                                                  &               & (0.028)       & (0.028)        &               & (0.006)       & (0.005)\\   
   Average years of schooling                                     & 0.116$^{***}$ & 0.095$^{***}$ & 0.143$^{***}$  & 0.019$^{***}$ & 0.015$^{***}$ & 0.025$^{***}$\\   
                                                                  & (0.030)       & (0.025)       & (0.032)        & (0.005)       & (0.004)       & (0.005)\\   
   Population                                                     & 0.238$^{***}$ & 0.197$^{***}$ & 0.154$^{***}$  & 0.043$^{***}$ & 0.035$^{***}$ & 0.027$^{***}$\\   
                                                                  & (0.027)       & (0.026)       & (0.027)        & (0.005)       & (0.005)       & (0.005)\\   
   Surname diversity $\times$ Average years of schooling        &               &               & 0.112$^{***}$  &               &               & 0.023$^{***}$\\   
                                                                  &               &               & (0.030)        &               &               & (0.006)\\   
\\
   Sanderson-Windmeijer \textit{F}-stat                           & 969           & 943; 693      & 1154; 531; 260 & 969           & 943; 693      & 1154; 531; 260\\  
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel D: First-stage estimates}} &  \multicolumn{5}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-7}
& \multicolumn{3}{c}{Surname diversity} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{Population}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-4}  \cmidrule(lr){5-7}
   Predicted surname diversity                                      &  & 0.738$^{***}$     & 0.740$^{***}$     &               & -0.185$^{***}$ & -0.184$^{***}$ \\
                                                                    &  & (0.029)           & (0.027)           &               & (0.031)        & (0.032)        \\
   Average years of schooling                                       &  & 0.145$^{***}$     & 0.152$^{***}$     & -0.013        & 0.024          & 0.027          \\
                                                                    &  & (0.030)           & (0.030)           & (0.027)       & (0.024)        & (0.028)        \\
   Predicted surname diversity $\times$ Average years of schooling  &  &                   & 0.026             &               &                & 0.014          \\
                                                                    &  &                   & (0.025)           &               &                & (0.028)        \\
   Predicted population                                             &  & 0.030             & 0.017             & 1.034$^{***}$ & 1.172$^{***}$  & 1.165$^{***}$  \\
                                                                    &  & (0.022)           & (0.027)           & (0.033)       & (0.045)        & (0.050)        \\
    \\
& \multicolumn{3}{c}{\makecell{Surname diversity $\times$ \\ Average years of schooling}} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-4}
   Predicted surname diversity                                      &  &  & -0.015                                                         &  &  &  \\
                                                                    &  &  & (0.032)                                                        &  &  &  \\
   Average years of schooling                                       &  &  & -0.222$^{**}$                                                  &  &  &  \\
                                                                    &  &  & (0.098)                                                        &  &  &  \\
   Predicted surname diversity $\times$ Average years of schooling  &  &  & 0.762$^{***}$                                                  &  &  &  \\
                                                                    &  &  & (0.052)                                                        &  &  &  \\
   Predicted population                                             &  &  & 0.094$^{**}$                                                   &  &  &  \\
                                                                    &  &  & (0.040)                                                        &  &  &  \\
\\
   State fixed effects                                    & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   Observations                                           & 2,737         & 2,737         & 2,737         & 2,737         & 2,737         & 2,737\\  
   \bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\par\endgroup


